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Brief Appendix History of Computers

Model K (1937)

Named the “Model K” Adder because he built it on his “Kitchen” table, this simple display circuit provides evidence of the concept of using the Boolean concept in computer design, which led to the creation of a 1939-based Model, I Complex Calculator. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built the Z2 computer, and he also used telecommunications companies.

 

·         Hewlett-Packard is founded (1939)

David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a garage in Palo Alto, California. Their product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillators quickly became a piece of the developer test material.

Walt Disney Pictures commissioned eight of the 200B models to test the recording equipment and speakers of 12 specially designed theaters depicting the film “Fantasia” in 1940.

Complex Number Calculator (CNC) Completed (1940)

In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completed a calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz.

In 1940, Stibitz presented the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College.

Stibitz surprised the team by doing remote calculations on CNC (located in New York City) using the Teletype terminal connected to New York via special telephone wires. This is probably the first example of a computer for remote access.

Konrad Zuse completes Z3 Computer (1941)

The Z3, the first computer developed by a German engineer Konrad Zuse to work in complete isolation and development elsewhere uses 2,300 transmissions make a floating point in arithmetic and have a 22-bit length.

The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was demolished during a bombing in Berlin in late 1943. Zuse later directed the rebuilding of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at Deutsches Museum in Munich.

·    The first bomb has been completed:

Designed as an electro-mechanical way of clicking on Nazi-linked military communications with ENIGMA during World War II, British Bombe was conceived by computer pioneers Alan Turning and Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. Hundreds of joint bombs were developed to determine the rotor positions of the first Enigma cipher machines, which also allowed the Allies to secretly write German messages.

The basic idea of ​​the bombshell came from Police code maker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba".

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) Completed (1942)

After a successful demonstration example — in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff secured funding for a full-time machine the building at Iowa State College (now University).

The machine was designed and built by Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry between 1939 and 1942. ABC was at the center of a patent dispute over computer innovation, which was resolved in 1973 when it was revealed that ENIAC developer John Mauchly had seen ABC shortly after it took office.

· The first Colossus works in Bletchley Park (1944)

Designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers, the Colossus is designed to break the sophisticated Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during World War II. A total of ten Colossians were brought in, each using up to 2,500 exhaust tubes. A series of pulleys were delivered in continuous rolls of duct tape containing solutions to a specific code. Colossus shortened Lorenz's message time from weeks to hours. Many historians believe that the use of Colossus' machinery greatly reduced warfare by providing evidence of enemy intentions and superstitions. The existence of the machine was not made public until the 1970s.

· Harvard Mark 1 completed (1944)

Developed by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and developed by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-based, based on transfer. The machine had a 50-meter-long camshaft running the length of the machine that synchronized thousands of parts of the machine and used 3,500 transmissions. Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon replaced by electronic system computers.

·         Public the unveiling of ENIAC (1946)

ENIAC

Started in 1943, the ENIAC computing system was developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Thanks to its electronic technology, unlike electromechanical technology, it is over 1,000 square feet [1,000 sq m] in area, is used in about 18,000 tubes, and weighs about 30 tons. It was believed that ENIAC had made more calculations in ten years of operation than any other human had until then.

The First Computer Program (1948)

University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill developed the Small-ScaleExperimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester "Baby". The baby was built to test the new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn — better known as Williams Tube - which was the first random access memory for computer electronics. Their first program, consisting of seventeen commands and written by Kilburn, began on June 21, 1948. This was the first program in the history of digital, electronic, preservation software.

·         CSIRAC runs the first program

While many of the first digital computers were based on similar designs, such as IAS and its copies, some were unique designs, such as CSIRAC. Built-in Sydney, Australia by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research to be used at its Sydney Radio Physics Laboratory, CSIRAC was designed by British-born Trevor Pearcey and used an unusual 12-hole paper tape. He was transferred to the Department of Environmental Affairs at The University of Melbourne in 1955 and remained in the service until 1964.

· The first Univac 1 was submitted to the US Census Bureau

Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract more public attention. Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine was mistakenly called "IBM Univac". Univac computers were used in many different programs but the utilities, insurance companies, and the American military were the biggest customers. One Bible scholar even used Univac 1 to link a concordance to the King James Version of the Bible. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly - the first ENIAC computer designers - Univac 1 uses 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighs 29,000 pounds [29,000 kg]. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s for more than $ 1 million each.

· IBM vessels Model 701 Technical Data Recovery Machine (1953)

During the three years of production, IBM sold the 19701 to research laboratories, airlines, and the provincial government. Also known within IBM as “Defense Calculator,” 701 rented $ 15,000 a month.

Editor Arthur Samuels used 701 to write the first computer program designed to play checkers. 701 entries also marked the beginning of IBM's entry into the major computer market, a market that came to dominate decades later.

Computer-specific keyboard input (1956)

At MIT, researchers began experimenting with direct keyboard input into computers, which is a precursor to today's standard operating mode. Often, current computer users install their programs on a computer using flashcards or paper tape. Dough Ross wrote a memo encouraging direct access in February. Ross argued that the Flexowriter - a computer-controlled typewriter - connected to an MIT computer could serve as a keyboard input device because of its low cost and flexibility. A test five months later on an MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient the keyboard input device is.

 HP introduces HP 2116A (1966)

2116A is the first HP computer. It is built as a versatile metal controller in the growing HP family of test products and set limits. Connected to a wide range of standard laboratory devices, it allows customers to use the computer in their own tools. 2116A also demonstrated the initial use of HP for integrated circuits in a commercial product.

Wang Laboratories releases Wang 2200 (1973)

Wang was a successful mathematician, and he became a successful word processing company. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. Wang sold 2200 mainly to Value Added retailers, who installed special software to solve specific customer problems. 2200 have used built-in CRT, final audiotape, and used the BASIC programming language. The PC era ended Wang's success, and it even collapsed in 1992.

·         Intel 8080 and Zilog Z-80

I         Intel and Zilog have introduced new microprocessors. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 can handle as many as four bytes of 64 kilometers. The Zilog Z-80 can run any program designed for 8080 and install duplicate built-in machine commands.

Texas Instruments TI 99/4 (1979) Released

Based on the Texas Instruments TMS 9900 microprocessor operating at 3 MHz, the TI 99/4 has one of the fastest CPUs available on a home computer. TI99 / 4 had a variety of extension boards, with a specially designed voice integration system that could be used with TI's Speak and Spell educational game. The well-sold TI 99/4 led to a series of TI tracking machines.

IBM Introduces Its Personal Computer (PC) (1981)

IBM product recognition, as well as a major marketing campaign, accelerates the rapid growth of the personal computer market through the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). The first IBM PC, officially known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on the 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and operates the Microsoft MS-DOS operating system. IBM PC transformed the business computer into the first PC to gain widespread acceptance by the industry.

The IBM PC was widely copied ("built") and led to the creation of a large "ecosystem" of software, parameters, and other on-site equipment.

IBM is launching the first RISC-based workplace

Reduced computer setup instructions (RISC) are growing in view of the fact that a simple 20 percent computer set does 80 percent of the work. The IBM PC-RT had 1MB of RAM, a 1.2-megabyte floppy disk drive, and a 40MB hard drive. Performs 2 million orders per second, but some RISC-based computers work much faster.

·          Intel's Touchstone Delta supercomputer comes online (1990)

With up to 32 gigaflops (32 billion float points per second), Intel’s Touchstone Delta has 512 autonomous processors, programmed with two-way “wireless” communication. Caltech researchers have used this great computer model for projects such as real-time satellite imagery analysis, as well as mimicking molecular models in AIDS research. It will serve as a model for many other processors that can be among the fastest in the world.

Published Power-Book series for laptop (1991)

Apple's Macintosh Portable is experiencing little success in the marketplace and has led to the complete redesign of Apple's mobile computer line. All three of these Power-Books introduced include a built-in trackball, an internal floppy drive, and palm rest, which will eventually be a standard feature of the 1990 laptop laptops.

Apple sends first Newton (1993)

Apple enters the mobile computer market with Newton. Named the “Personal Assistant” by Apple President John Scully in 1992, Newton introduced a number of features that could define laptops for decades to come. The handwriting recognition software was maliciously malicious. The Newton line has never done well and is optimistic and was cut off in 1998.

IBM releases ThinkPad 701c (1995)

Officially known as Track Write, the fully expandable keyboard used by ThinkPad 701 was designed by designer John Karidis. The keyboard consisted of three interlocking triangular pieces, forming a full-size keyboard when opening a laptop - resulting in a much wider keyboard. This keyboard design was called "Butterfly". The need for such construction has been reduced as the laptop screens have expanded.